Representing the pronunciation of words
and the pronunciation of words in combination
Abstract units shared by production and perception
Syllables and phones
Phonemes and contrast
pit, bit; peel, pill; win, wing
/pɪt/, /bɪt/; /pil/, /pɪl/; /wɪn/, /wɪŋ/
Allophones, phonetic context, and coarticulation
pin /pɪn/, spin /spɪn/, lip /lɪp/
pin [pʰɪn], spin [spɪn], lip [lɪp˺]
the spin /ðəˈspɪn/ [ðəˈspɪn], this pin /ðɪsˈpɪn/ [ðɪsˈpʰɪn]
undone [ʌnˈdʌn], unclear [ʌŋˈklɪɹ]
Relaxed, reduced speech
How did you do?
/haʊ dɪd yu du/
[ˌhaʊdəʤəˈdu], [ˌhaɾəʤəˈdu], [ˌhaʤəˈdu]
Prosody
Prosody: loudness, pitch, and duration
A word's prosodic characteristics may depend on its position in the sentence, its
syntactic role, its informativeness, and the pragmatic function of the sentence.
I put salsa on the salmon.
I put ginger in the salsa.
I put ginger in the salsa and garlic in the salad dressing.
I put salsa on the salmon.
I put ginger on the salsa.
You put ginger in the salsa?? You put ginger in the salsa
Words that are homophones in their canonical pronunciations may have different
realizations if they are different parts of speech.
