Problem 1

1. BNF
2. A data type is a specific set of data values along with a set of operations on those values.
3. A constant is a location in memory, referenced by an identifier, where a data value that cannot be changed is stored.
4. The implicit (automatic) conversion of a value from one data type to another is called coercion.
5. The C++ standard library defines a data type named ifstream that represents a stream of characters coming from an input files.
6. In your weekly lab session, the function ccommand() is used for I/O redirection.
7. A postcondition is an assertion that should be true after a block of code has finished executing.
8. c
9. 120 50 170
10. 15
11. d
12. 10

Problem 2

• (((((2 * 2) - 5) * 2) + 1) * 2) + 2 =

  ((((4 - 5) * 2) + 1) * 2) + 2 =

  (((-1 * 2) + 1) * 2) + 2 =

  ((-2 + 1) * 2) + 2 =

  (-1 * 2) + 2 =

  -2 + 2 =

  0

  3 multiplications and 3 additions.

• Horner's rule uses less multiplications and additions (or requires less work) than the straightforward approach.

Problem 3

Problem 4